An observational survey noted that farms with solar-powered irrigation pumps had higher crop yields than farms with diesel pumps. The researcher concluded that solar power inherently enhances plant growth. What alternative explanation most likely exposes a confusion between correlation and causation?
Options:
(A) Wealthier farmers who could afford solar pumps also invested in higher-quality seeds and balanced fertilizers, which caused the higher yields.
(B) Solar energy is absorbed by plant leaves during photosynthesis.
(C) Diesel engines emit exhaust fumes in farm fields.
(D) Solar pumps operate silently compared to diesel engines.
Answer Key:
A
Step-by-Step Solution & Explanation
Confounding variable: wealthier farmers investing in better inputs explains the yield difference, not the pump energy source.