Subtopic: Kinetics of microbial death – pasteurization and sterilization of milk and other liquid foods
Question Statement:
At $121.1^\circ\text{C}$, the decimal reduction time for *Clostridium botulinum* spores is $D_{121.1} = 0.21\text{ minutes}$. Using the commercial '12D concept' for low-acid canned foods, the minimum thermal processing time ($F_0 = 12 D$) in minutes is ________ (round off to 2 decimal places).