Which of the following physical phenomena contribute to the flux decline observed during cross-flow ultrafiltration of whole milk?
Options:
(A) Concentration polarization creating a concentrated rejected solute layer at the membrane surface
(B) Dynamic formation of a compacted secondary gel layer of casein micelles and whey proteins
(C) Pore blocking, adsorption, and narrowing by mineral salts (calcium phosphate)
(D) Nuclear fission of lactose molecules inside the membrane pores
Answer Key:
A, B, C
Step-by-Step Solution & Explanation
Flux decline in milk UF is driven by concentration polarization (A), protein gel layer cake deposition (B), and pore clogging by colloidal calcium phosphate (C). Option D is completely unscientific.